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<title>Interregnum (Ireland)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interregnum (Ireland)</span></span>

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Ireland during the <b>Interregnum</b> (1649–1660) covers the period from the <a href="Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> until the <a href="Restoration_(Ireland)" title="Restoration (Ireland)">restoration of the monarchy</a> under <a href="Charles_II_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of Ireland">Charles II</a> in 1660.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> and <a href="Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></div>

<p>Life for both Irish and English Catholics in Ireland became increasingly difficult under Cromwell's rule, and Cromwell remains a despised figure in Ireland to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmalachymccourtsh0000mccopage128_128]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmalachymccourtsh0000mccopage128_128]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Cromwell's sweeping campaign in Ireland began in August 1649. He left in May 1650, but the campaign continued until 1653. Its effects devastated Ireland's Catholic population, roughly one-third of whom were killed or exiled by the war. Famine and plague were the biggest killers, resulting in large part from the <a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics used by Parliamentary forces. Some Irish prisoners of war were sold as <a href="Indentured_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured labour">indentured labourers</a> in the <a href="West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. The Catholic landowning class was dispossessed <i>en masse</i>. Thousands of <a href="New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> soldiers and the Parliament's creditors were settled on confiscated Irish lands. Those Catholic landowners deemed innocent of rebellion against the Parliament but who had not shown "constant good affection" still had their land confiscated and were forced to relocate to <a href="Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, where the soil was poorer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedhisto0000duffpage116_117]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedhisto0000duffpage116_117]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The practice of Catholicism was banned and many of the soldier/settlers set up <a href="English_Dissenter" class="mw-redirect" title="English Dissenter">dissenting</a> religious communities, such as <a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> or <a href="Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, under the protection of the Parliamentary forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailscromwellianirela0000barnpage112_112]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailscromwellianirela0000barnpage112_112]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish <a href="Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> community was also disadvantaged by the <a href="Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a> regime, as most of them had taken the <a href="Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a> and had fought with the Scots against the Parliament in the <a href="Third_English_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third English Civil War">Third English Civil War</a> (1649–50). <a href="Charles_Fleetwood" title="Charles Fleetwood">Charles Fleetwood</a>, the parliamentary commander in Ireland from 1652 to 1655, was viewed as being hostile to Catholics, Presbyterians, and the pre-war English Protestant settlers at the expense of the radical new settlers. <a href="Henry_Cromwell" title="Henry Cromwell">Henry Cromwell</a>, who replaced Fleetwood in 1655, was seen as a more conservative influence, conciliating the "Old Protestant" landed class and allowing the harshest legislation against Catholics (such as a ban on their living in towns) to lapse. Towards the end of the Interregnum, Parliamentarian generals <a href="Charles_Coote%2C_1st_Earl_of_Mountrath" title="Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Mountrath">Charles Coote</a> and <a href="Richard_Boyle%2C_1st_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington">Richard Boyle</a> (who were also pre-war English settlers) seized the strongholds in Ireland in preparation for the restoration of the monarchy.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations_and_sources">Citations and sources</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmalachymccourtsh0000mccopage128_128]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCourt2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmalachymccourtsh0000mccopage128_128]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCourt2004">McCourt 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malachymccourtsh0000mcco/page/128/">128</a>: "He out-heroded Herod!"</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedhisto0000duffpage116_117]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedhisto0000duffpage116_117]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy2002">Duffy 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000duff/page/116/">117</a>: "To hell or to Connaught!"</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailscromwellianirela0000barnpage112_112]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard1975[httpsarchiveorgdetailscromwellianirela0000barnpage112_112]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnard1975">Barnard 1975</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cromwellianirela0000barn/page/112/">112</a>: "... the Quakers in these years took hold in Ireland: a hold that proved tenacious and permanent."</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1975" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Toby Christopher (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cromwellianirela0000barn/"><i>Cromwellian Ireland: English Government and Reform in Ireland 1649–1660</i></a>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-821858-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2002" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Seán (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000duff/"><i>The Illustrated History of Ireland</i></a>. New York: Contemporary Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8092-2437-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcCourt2004" class="citation book cs1">McCourt, Malachy (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malachymccourtsh0000mcco/"><i>Malachy McCourt's History of Ireland</i></a></span>. New York: MJF Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-6067-1037-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-07-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Interregnum_(Ireland)&oldid=1235859583">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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